Six areas where action must focus to rescue this planet

In the next three decades, the world must dramatically decrease greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to return to a more stable climate.

By
Phoebe Barnard and William Moomaw
-
343
SOURCEThe Conversation
Image Credit: The New Yorker

For some time, the Earth’s natural resources have been depleted faster than they can be replaced. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has set a 2030 deadline to reduce heat-trapping emissions by half to avoid climate change that is both irreversible and destructive.

With colleagues, we coauthored a climate emergency warning paper in 2019. It has now been co-signed by 14,594 scientists from 158 countries. We also produced an extension in 2020 and a grim update in 2021. Our warnings are supported by thousands of research studies, many referenced in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change papers.

In our new paper, we move beyond warnings and call for concrete actions. These must happen in six areas, at six levels—from household to community, city, state, nation and global—and on three timescales.

In the next three decades, the world must dramatically decrease greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to return to a more stable climate. To do this, we identify priority actions for energy, pollutants, nature, food, population and economy.

This takes place on three timescales—by 2026, 2030, and 2050. By 2050, carbon dioxide emissions must not exceed removals. After that, we must lower atmospheric concentrations by taking enough carbon out of the atmosphere.

Our paper, summarized here, is intended to guide society, decision makers, planners, managers and financial investors with a framework for action. Yet humanity’s biggest challenges are not technical, but social, economic, political and behavioral.

Energy: Less, cleaner, more with less

It is essential to reduce demand for energy by increasing energy productivity. That means getting more energy services—heating, cooling, lighting, transport, electricity and mechanical work—out of less primary energy. Fossil fuels are the largest sources of heat-trapping carbon dioxide and methane, and must be replaced. Our paper recommends the following:

  • Follow much more ambitious road-maps for energy transformation to halve carbon dioxide emissions by 2030.
  • Create economic incentives to provide energy services with less primary energy.
  • Replace primary energy from coal, oil, natural gas and wood with solar, wind, geothermal, tidal and hydro energy, wherever ecologically appropriate.
  • Account for all emissions and black carbon (soot) from burning bioenergy.
  • Levy high carbon prices on air travel, inefficient vehicles, appliances, buildings and carbon intensive goods.

Pollutants: Reduce and remove

Methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, black carbon and other atmospheric pollutants add directly to global heating. Our warming world is melting permafrost, releasing heat-trapping methane. Policies must:

  • Rapidly reduce methane emissions from agriculture, industry, and oil and gas production.
  • Develop effective atmospheric methane removal practices.
  • Require large methane producers to pay for atmospheric removal.
  • Reduce methane, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and non-methane hydrocarbons that produce heat-trapping pollutants.
  • Reduce emissions of hydrofluorocarbons from refrigerants, solvents and other sources.
  • Reduce nitrous oxide emissions from fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes.

Natural climate solutions

Biodiverse natural ecosystems, including forests, wetlands, grasslands, peatlands and oceans, are essential for our planet to function. This includes carbon management. They remove and store 56% of annual carbon emissions, preventing additional warming.

Society needs to:

  • Protect carbon dense ecosystems to cover 30% of the Earth’s surface by 2030 and remove all emitted carbon dioxide by 2050.
  • Halt destruction of these essential systems.
  • Restore degraded ecosystems.
  • Greatly reduce land conversions by 2026 and halt them by 2030.

Food system reform

Agricultural production is failing to sustain Earth’s nearly 8 billion people without unacceptable damage to climate, land and water. The global food system generates more than 25% of greenhouse gas emissions and consumes 70% of freshwater. Expanding inefficient agriculture causes deforestation and nutrient runoff. It creates coastal low oxygen dead zones. To avoid widespread famines this century, leaders and farmers must:

  • Shift production to foods that use land and water more efficiently.
  • Use farming methods that regenerate the environment and store carbon in soils.
  • Support farmers in these transitions, especially small farmers.

Population stability

Population growth undermines efforts to protect nature and people. Leaders and civil society should:

  • Embed population actions in economic, social and political agendas.
  • Invest more in family well-being through health, education and economic policies.
  • Support poorer families to advance economically and educationally.
  • Protect everyone’s right to life purposes other than parenting.
  • Increase aid for family planning.

Economic reform

Economies must operate within planetary boundaries. Leaders need to:

  • Correct market failures through appropriate taxes, subsidies and regulations.
  • Create economic frameworks for profitable activities that protect and restore nature.
  • Introduce reforms to sustain farm and forest lands, oceans, rivers and wetlands.
  • Introduce land rights and urban planning models that encourage efficient land use.
  • Develop economic policies that halt loss of wild lands.
  • Introduce policies to reduce climate altering emissions and restore socially efficient local production.

We must accelerate these transformations, while maintaining social, economic and political stability. Effective and timely actions are still possible on many, but not all fronts. Avoiding each tenth of a degree increase in global temperature improves the lives of billions of people, thousands of species and ecosystems.

Humanity can choose cooperation, wisdom, innovation, and ethics—or not. People can learn from past mistakes and create better societies. Leaders’ main challenge in the next decade may be to hold the rudder steady as society transforms on an almost impossible timescale. Our actions, or inaction, will determine whether we meet the challenges of the coming decades, and persist as civilized societies.

Our paper is open here for signature by anyone with a degree in natural, political, social, health, educational, behavioral or other science.

Phoebe Barnard, CEO and Exec Director, Stable Planet Alliance; Affiliate Full Professor, University of Washington; Research Associate, African Climate and Development Initiative and FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town and William Moomaw, Professor Emeritus of International Environmental Policy, Tufts University

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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Phoebe Barnard and William Moomaw
Phoebe Barnard works in, and across, the big issues of the day facing the future of society and our planet—in the realms of planetary boundaries, biodiversity, climate change, global change ecology, population, consumption, environmental and societal futures, and conservation biology, both in science and on policy. I trained in Canada (BSc Hons biology), South Africa (MSc zoology with distinction) and Sweden (PhD animal ecology & evolution) as an evolutionary and behavioural ecologist working on birds, and still somehow manage to combine the fine-scale and big-picture stuff in my life. I'm increasingly working on tipping points for personal, societal and institutional sustainability, in futures studies, and in the media (especially film and popular writing and speaking) to help communicate this. William Moomaw is Professor of International Environmental Policy at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, where he is the founding director of the Center for International Environment and Resource Policy, the Tufts Climate Initiative and co-founder of the Global Development and Environment Institute. He graduated from Williams in 1959, and is a physical chemist with a PhD from MIT. He works to translate science and technology into policy terms using interdisciplinary tools. His major publications are on climate change, energy policy, nitrogen pollution, forestry financing and management and on theoretical topics such as the Environmental Kuznets Curve. He was a coordinating lead author of the 2001 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change chapter on greenhouse gas emissions reduction, and for the special report on renewable energy due in 2010. He was a lead author of three other IPCC reports (1995, 2005 and 2007). The work of the IPCC was recognized with the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. He also was an author for the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment on nitrogen and serves on the Integrated Nitrogen Committee of the EPA Science Advisory board. He was the first director of the Climate, Energy and Pollution program at the World Resources Institute, and directed the Center for Environmental Studies at Williams College where he held an endowed chair in chemistry. He has received Teaching Awards at both Williams and at The Fletcher School, and an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Belgrade for his work on sustainable development. As an AAAS Congressional Science Fellow, he worked on legislation that eliminated American use of CFCs in spray cans to protect the ozone layer, and also worked on energy and forestry legislation. Dr. Moomaw currently serves on the Board of Directors of The Climate Group, Clean Air-Cool Planet (which he co-founded), Earthwatch Institute, Center for Ecological Technologies and the Consensus Building Institute. He has facilitated sessions with negotiators of international treaties. He and his wife, Margot have just completed a highly efficient zero net energy home in Williamstown that uses no fossil fuels. It is one of a handful of such homes to be built in northern climate zones, and its performance is being monitored for performance for the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

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